Reuse world

international climate change negotiations have entered a post-Kyoto era. At this stage, along with urbanization, industrialization, and further promote China’s carbon dioxide emissions will continue to grow, there is likely to exceed the United States as the largest emitters of carbon dioxide. China will face increasing pressure from all sides, and ultimately affect the political, economic and so on. These pressures is reflected in:

First, the post-Kyoto climate change negotiations, the center of topics will include the establishment of a fair, lasting and effective institutional framework, long-term emission reduction targets and emission reduction obligations of targets, prompting the U.S. to return control of the process of climate change in an effort to persuade China, India, Brazil and other large developing countries participate in emissions reduction and so on. China’s national conditions determine the participation in international climate change agreement, it will be a “double-edged sword” in that it can get financial and technical support, promoting sustainable development and low-carbon economy may also be bound by socio-economic development space is not conducive to economic development and social goals are attained.

Second, the new U.S. president Barack Obama November 18, 2008 in the global environment summit, said that after he became President of the United States on climate change will play a leading role, the United States will once again an active part in the negotiations in order to help on the world on climate change into a new era of global cooperation and put forward concrete implementation steps. Asked the United States of greenhouse gas emissions by large companies in 2020 dropped to 1990 levels by 2050, a further 80% reduction. This indicates that the new U.S. government’s climate change policies could be a major shift also means that China, as the second largest emitting countries, will become the focus of global pressures.

Third, the international community especially the developed countries demand that China, India and other large developing countries committed to increasing demands for high emission reduction obligations. The popular view is that the international community in order to achieve Convention on Climate Change, “to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, the climate system to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the level of” the ultimate goal should be to China as a prerequisite for the implementation of a large number of emission reductions.

the face of the situation in the post-Kyoto era, what strategies and related actions in the climate negotiations are a major issue that we face. Response to climate change to China’s overall social and economic development, China’s development model and energy security, economic competitiveness and foreign trade, international status and national image, we must give overall consideration to the international and domestic 2 overall situation, with a positive attitude involved in responding to climate change international cooperation.

in previous negotiations, China adhered to the “common but differentiated responsibilities”, insisting that developing countries do not assume the position of emission reduction obligations, persist within the framework of sustainable development to address climate change, as China’s economic development gain time and space for development. However, in the post-Kyoto era, China faces increasing pressure of the negotiations, there is need to negotiate an appropriate adjustment measures:

First, consider the development of emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants, synergistic control strategy. 2011 and 2015 in the formulation of the “Shier Wu,” Energy-saving emission reduction targets, adopt a “no regrets” strategy, according to the principle of minimum social cost of the whole, stressing to improve energy efficiency, reform the energy pricing mechanism, adjusting energy structure, optimize the industrial structure to change the mode of economic growth, developing the green economy, long-term measures to reduce energy consumption and control carbon dioxide emissions growth, to achieve the sustainable development of energy-saving emission reduction.

2 is to study the differences, but to develop a targeted strategy for the global climate negotiations. Specific to: (1) emission reduction for different interest groups approach the situation and strengthen cooperation with EU countries in renewable energy technologies to support the negotiating, calling the provisions of the Clean Development Mechanism projects on specific technical support ratio; (2) strengthen cooperation with the umbrella groups of countries (in addition to other developed countries outside the EU, including the United States, Japan, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, etc.) of the bilateral and multilateral cooperation and communication, stressing that China dealing with climate change policies and measures implemented and their effects, especially the “Eleventh Five-Year “energy-saving emission reduction targets and effects of the cooperation to seek common goals and interests; (3) strengthen the alliance with developing countries to strengthen capacity-building to address climate change and safeguard the interests of developing countries.

Third, the Chinese government put forward a clear position on climate change negotiations. The negotiating position should be emphasized that embody the principles of human rights and equity in per capita carbon emissions, in adherence to the “common but differentiated responsibilities”, “sustainable development framework to address climate change” and “persist in developing countries do not undertake emission reduction obligations of the position” under the principle of participation in international climate change action and forms to make new choices, consider the commitment to provide technical support in the developed countries under the conditions may be appropriate to make “measurable, reportable and verifiable” in renewable energy and energy-saving emission reduction targets commitment. To clarify China’s renewable energy development and utilization of the efforts and planning, will effectively mitigate future of China’s greenhouse gas emissions. In safeguarding national interests to consider the future of negotiations on the basis of alliances and partners, to seize the opportunity to actively take the initiative to obtain a win-win.

4 is clearly mitigate climate change, technical and financial conditions. Through negotiations, access to international capital and advanced technology to improve the utilization rate of China’s resources, in reducing greenhouse gas emissions while improving environmental quality in China to reach with minimal cost of controlling greenhouse gas emissions to maximize the economic and environmental benefits, both for the mitigation of climate warming due obligations, but also to promote China’s sustainable development objectives.

王金南：“后京都议定书时代，”中国的压力和谈判策略

国际气候变化谈判进入了后京都议定书时代。在这个阶段，随着城市化，工业化，进一步推动中国的二氧化碳排放量将继续增长，有可能超过，作为最大的二氧化碳排放国美国。中国将面临越来越多来自各方的压力，并最终影响到政治，经济，等等。这些压力是反映在：

第一，后京都气候变化谈判的中心议题将包括建立公正，持久和有效的体制框架的建立，长期减排目标和减排义务的目标，促使美国返回，努力说服中国，印度，巴西等发展中大国参与减少排放等对气候变化的过程控制。中国的国情决定了在国际气候变化协议的参与，这将是“双刃剑”，因为它可以得到资金和技术支持，促进可持续发展和低碳经济也可能受社会经济发展的空间不利于经济发展和社会目标实现。

其次，美国新总统奥巴马11月18日，在全球环境首脑会议上表示，2008年后他成为气候变化的美国总统将在谈判中发挥主导作用，美国将再次发挥积极作用以帮助世界上的气候变化成为一个全球合作的新时代，并提出具体的实施步骤。当被问及在大公司2020年的温室气体排放量，美国1990年的水平下降到2050年，再减少80％。这表明，美国新政府的气候变化政策可能是一个重大转变，也意味着中国作为第二大排放国，将成为全球性压力的焦点。

第三，国际社会特别是发达国家要求中国，印度和其他大的发展中国家致力于高减排义务的国家日益增加的需求。流行的看法是，国际社会，以实现对气候变化框架公约“，以稳定大气中温室气体浓度，气候系统，以避免与”危险的人为干扰的水平的最终目标应该是为中国的先决条件对于一个减少排放量大量的执行情况。

的情况在后京都时代，什么战略和气候谈判中的相关行动面临的一个重大问题，我们的脸。应对气候变化对中国的整体社会和经济发展，中国的发展模式和能源安全，经济竞争力和外贸，国际地位和国家形象，我们必须综合考虑国际，国内2大局出发，以积极的态度参与在应对气候变化的国际合作。

在以前的谈判

，中国坚持“共同但有区别的责任”，坚持发展中国家不承担减排义务的立场，在可持续发展框架坚持应对气候变化，因为中国的经济发展收益时间和空间的发展。然而，在后京都议定书时代，中国面临越来越大的谈判压力，有必要通过谈判达成一个适当的调整措施：

首先考虑的温室气体和污染物排放的协同控制策略的发展。 2011年和2015年在“Shier吴制定”节能减排目标，采取“不后悔”的战略，根据最低整个社会成本的原则，强调提高能源效率，能源价格改革机制，调整能源结构，优化工业结构，转变经济增长方式，发展绿色经济，长期措施，以减少能源消耗和控制二氧化碳排放的增长，以实现能源的可持续发展，节能减排。

二是研究分歧，但制定一个全球气候谈判的目标明确的战略。具体为：（1）不同利益集团的减排方法的情况，并加强与可再生能源技术的欧盟国家的合作，支持谈判，要求清洁发展机制的具体比例，项目的技术支持的规定;（二）加强合作与国家（除其他欧盟以外的发达国家，包括美国，日本，加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰等国的双边和多边合作和沟通）的国家，强调中国应对气候变化的保护伞政策和措施及其影响，特别是“十一五”节能减排目标和效果的合作，寻求共同目标和利益的;（3）加强与发展中国家的联盟，以加强能力建设，以解决气候变化，维护发展中国家的利益。

第三，我国政府提出了一项关于气候变化的谈判的明确立场。在谈判地位应该强调的是体现在人均二氧化碳排放量的人权和平等的原则，坚持“共同但有区别的责任”，“可持续发展框架下应对气候变化”和“坚持发展中国家不承担这一立场的减排义务，在国际气候变化的行动和参与各种形式“的原则，作出新的选择，考虑承诺提供的条件下，发达国家的技术支持，可适当做”可测量，可报告和可核实的“在可再生能源和节能减排目标的承诺。为了澄清中国的可再生能源发展的努力，并规划和利用，将有效缓解中国的温室气体排放的未来。在维护国家利益的考虑对联盟和合作伙伴的基础上进行谈判的未来，抓住机遇，积极主动，取得双赢。

4显然是减轻气候变化，技术和财政条件。通过谈判，进入国际资本和先进技术，提高在减少温室气体排放的中国的资源利用率，同时提高在中国的环境质量达到与控制温室气体排放量最大的经济和环境效益，既有最低的成本减缓气候变暖的应尽的义务，而且要促进中国的可持续发展目标。