Reuse world

iron and steel industry consumes a large number of expansion in the size and resources of a large number of the basic history of the past, the only way out is to implement the scientific concept of development, speed up the transformation mode of development: First, to enhance cost control, to promote energy-saving emission reduction; second is to improve quality control to meet the changes in the market Editor’s note: In the Third Plenary Session of the Party’s 17 fully implement the scientific outlook on development under the guidance of Metallurgical Industry Association China Federation of Industry Group in-depth investigations and studies, for the current international status of the domestic steel industry, iron and steel enterprises currently Energy-saving emission reduction, reduce costs, optimize the quality and structure aspects of the opinions and suggestions. Now part of the study published in order to satisfy the reader.

iron and steel industry has entered a period of change history, the total amount of iron and steel industry to resolve the contradictions, the high-growth, high-profit basically ended the era. Many new problems and new contradictions to promote iron and steel enterprises to implement the scientific concept of development, speed up the transformation of development.

First, too little control over the international mineral resources, ore import prices are rising, serious erosion of the steel business interests. A few years ago, the international mining group because of our inherent understanding of the monopolistic nature of lack of control of foreign resources is too small, further increase in external dependence on time (up to 53%), import substantial increase in ore prices in recent years. Last year, the average CIF value of imports of integrated mine or 37.57 percent, eroding the profits of the iron and steel industry, one quarter; corporate average purchase price of the first half of this year rose 53.68 percent year on year, the cost of pig iron increased by 57.57%, (which in June rose 70.21%), Further erosion of the steel and the downstream steel industry’s interests. More recently, Brazil’s Vale mining company unilaterally tore up the price of an annual agreement to require price increases (or about 98%) and had stopped shipping. Facts have once again stated that if we do not control the multi-directional resources, does not change the status of being a monopoly, it is difficult to build mutually beneficial relations, iron and steel enterprises can hardly become a powerful enterprise, iron and steel too big to become a steel power.

Second, a large number of exports of steel do not meet China’s national conditions, exports must be controlled. In 2007 China’s net exports of steel products, billets, crude steel equivalent to 54.88 million tons, accounting for new steel production over the same period 82.8%, thereby maintaining the domestic supply-demand balance and price levels, the steel industry, a favorable current benefits, but the long-term macroeconomic and iron and steel industry detrimental to the development, in particular, imports of ores to promote a substantial price increases, affecting the long-term interests of the iron and steel industry. At the same time, it increased the energy consumption and environmental pressure. Thus, restrictions on exports of steel products a large number of naturally become the country’s long-term policy. In the first half of this year a net exporter of steel, crude steel equivalent to 19.88 million tons, down 11.04 million tons, down 35.7%. Although the first half of China’s total exports dropped 5.7 percentage points, the state has taken to adjust the export of electromechanical products such as policies to encourage exports, but exports of steel to continue to take control policies.

Third, the market prices of steel products subject to constraints of space and profit levels. The first half of this year, urban fixed-asset investment rose 26.8% (last year 25.8%) to promote a 16.32% increase in steel consumption, steel prices rose 30.9%, iron and steel industry profits grew 22.71 percent (excluding the yield factor increased by only 14%). In the future be able to continue to maintain high investment growth, is a big uncertainty. This year, a downward trend in sales of commercial area of Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and other cities in trading volume fell by about 30%, is a noteworthy trend. Another factor is that the downstream steel industry, it is difficult to bear pressure on steel prices substantially. Recalling the first quarter of this year due to steel price increases, once the automotive, home appliances and other products increased in price, but the trend of final consumption by capacity constraints, the price quickly slipped. Similarly, household electrical appliances, after price increases, but also forced to “cut prices”, air conditioning prices drop up to 30%. Once the upstream and downstream enterprises can not afford more pressure on steel prices, resulting in reduced production, stop production, steel prices difficult to maintain, iron and steel enterprises will be trapped in a “high-cost, low-cost” dilemma. The first half of this year, the average sales revenue per ton of steel products increased 31.24 percent, while the cost of sales increased by 34.06%, tons of material profit rose 15.62%; sales profit rate of 8.56 percent from a year earlier, dropped to 7.61%; of assets and liabilities increased from 57.90% rose to 59.06%; payables increased by 44%, profitability and a marked decline in economic conditions. According to an analysis of 56 large and medium iron and steel enterprises in the first half tons of material an average profit of 412 yuan / ton, but there are 10 tons of material profits of enterprises less than 100 yuan / ton, accounting for 17.8%. Advantage of the lack of resources and the production of low value-added products business, very difficult situation, and some into a loss, continue to expand production capacity the market is very risky.

Fourth, the steel industry, more and more stringent energy-saving environmental requirements. Last year, the steel industry, the total energy consumption of 226 million tons of standard coal, an increase of 12.84%. The first half of the total energy consumption of 118 million tons, an increase of 8.06%. Recently, the state authorities have been and will be enacted, “Energy Conservation Law”, “Recycling Economy Law” and drawing up a “crude steel production of the main processes of energy consumption per unit of product limit” and other regulations, using legal means to promote energy-saving emission reduction. Energy consumption standards for the control process, indicators to measure energy consumption in the first half of this year, there are quite a number of enterprises fail to access standards, such as the energy consumption of access standards for the sintering process 60 kg of standard coal / t, in the 74 large and medium sized enterprises not reach the standard of 26, accounting for 34%; iron-smelting process access standards is less than 430 kilograms of standard coal / t, in the 76 large and medium sized enterprises, are not now there are 43, accounting for 56% of ; BOF process access to standard 10 kg of standard coal / t, in 70 large and medium sized enterprises, not up to standard 33, accounting for 47%. Countries have also introduced a series of related taxation, prices, and financial policies and administrative assessment indicators fail to meet standards to limit or eliminate the production line.

important question is, how to understand the face of the economic environment and resource conditions? This is a temporary phenomenon or a long-term trend? Is a simple repetition of the economic cycle, or the history of scientific development stage? In terms of policy-makers and managers are waiting for “warmth of spring”, or prepared to “winter swimming”? Each firm must make a choice. From international and domestic economic development, history shows that China’s industrialization process has been originally developed countries do not have to sacrifice a large number of consumption of resources and environmental conditions at the same time, China can not rely on the high rate of investment to maintain national economic growth. Therefore, a large number of iron and steel industry to expand the size and mass consumption of resources, the basic history of the past, the only way out is to implement the scientific concept of development, speed up the transformation mode of development: First, to enhance cost control, to promote energy-saving emission reduction; second is to improve quality control, to adapt to market changes. Consumption of iron and steel production is the main material ore and coal, increasing the value of these two elements. According to a steel cost analysis, for every ton of iron ore consumption, coke, coal (including sintering, pellet ore and coke used), accounting for 82% of the cost of pig iron. The efficient use of it, both energy-saving emission reduction, and substantially reduce costs, particularly in the case of high-priced raw materials, fuel, energy saving and emission reduction costs of the concepts and economics of growing.

iron and steel enterprises to run from the current situation analysis, the following aspects, both the source of energy-saving emission reduction, but also focus on reducing costs:

- selection and procurement of raw materials: Most of Purchasing iron ore is based on grade in order to t-degree the principle of parity pricing, often only pay attention to the level of iron grade, pay attention to content of harmful impurities, in particular the content of SiO2. In the iron ore, SiO2 content varies widely, with a low 1.7%, high containing 6% or even higher. SiO2-containing ore with high distribution in the sintering process, we need a lot of lime increases alkalinity in order to meet requirements, not only into the furnace to dilute the taste, but also increased the amount of blast furnace slag, the result is “buy high grade, into the furnace grade low”, an increase of energy consumption and cost. In fact, the iron ore is reduced by 1% SiO2, blast furnace to reduce coke rate 4 kg / ton. If the purchase of ore was reduced by 2% of SiO2, can reduce the coke rate 8 kg / ton, at current prices tons of iron can reduce the cost of 24 yuan / t. 5 million tons annual output of iron according to the calculation, can reduce the cost of 120 million yuan, and reduce the amount of slag processing.

- sinter production: most enterprises do not pay attention control of sinter in the oxidation of ferrous content, which is an important factor in reducing energy consumption. A reasonable indicator of ferrous oxide content of 8% or less, but the majority of enterprises in 10%, in some cases more than 12%. Practical experience at home and abroad, sintering of ferrous oxide ore is reduced by 1%, blast furnace coke rate decreased by 2%, production increased by 3%. If you strengthen management, enhance operational level, the ferrous oxide from 10% to 8%, blast furnace can reduce fuel (coke) about 16-20kg / t, according to current prices can reduce the cost 48-60 yuan / t. 5 million tons annual output of iron according to the calculation, can reduce the cost of 240 million yuan -3 million.

- blast furnace: taking control of low ferrosilicon smelting technology is an important aspect of energy conservation. At present, most enterprises of hot metal silicon content of 0.5% -0.7%. Of hot metal silicon content reduced by 0.1% per ton of iron to save coke, 4-6kg / t, lower costs 12-18 yuan / t. If the strengthening of materials management, improve smelting technology, the hot metal silicon content stabilized at 0.3% -0.5%, and iron per ton of carbon savings of section 8-12 kg / t, lower costs 24-36 yuan / t. 5 million tons annual output of iron according to the calculation, can reduce the cost of 120 million -1.5 million.

- BOF: This is the most energy-efficient emission reduction less business processes. First, the high silicon content of hot metal, not only to consume the coke in the blast furnace in steel-making process has increased material consumption and costs. Of hot metal silicon content increased by 0.1% for each ton of steel need to increase consumption of 8-10 kg of lime / t, increased amount of slag 20 kg / t, increased iron loss 3-4kg / t, the impact cost about 15 yuan / t. Second, the converter gas recovery rate low. Advanced Enterprise recovery of 92%, 40% of poor business, a small number of companies do not have recycling. About half of the emissions. Domestic and international advanced level by 100 cubic meters per ton of steel recycled / t (including Co50% -60%), about equal to standard coal of about 30kg / t, the impact cost about 80-90 yuan / t. Such as putting the other half are recovered, the cost per ton of steel at least 30 yuan / t or more. Third, the poor quality of lime, effective low CaO is bound to increase the amount of lime, the corresponding increase in the amount of steelmaking slag. At present the amount of slag per ton of low 80 kg / t, a high 200 kg / t, a difference of more than 100 kilograms / t. Per 100 kg of iron slag with 15-20 kg basis, the impact on cost 45-60 yuan / t. The above three aspects together, the impact on cost per ton of steel is about 90-105 yuan / t. Calculated according to an annual output of 5 million tons of steel affect the cost of some 450 million -5.2 million.

- rolling production: steel billet hot charge rolling is to reduce the cost of important factors. Some companies process smoothly, the production order, hit a high rate of steel, billets, hot delivery rate of 90%, heat delivery temperature of 800 ℃ or so, a significant reduction in energy consumption and burning, tons of rolled material costs 120 yuan / tons of similar products than the industry average, the low level of 80 yuan / ton, calculated according to 5 million tons, can reduce the cost of 400 million yuan.

several key processes from the above analysis, the cost per tonne of steel about 266 yuan / t-305 Yuan / t potential, is equivalent to the average profit per ton of steel (the first half of 412 yuan / t) 70% or so.

low-cost operation is a systematic project, from the management concept and mechanism, created on the working procedure for the next working procedure services, the environment and conditions, such as raw materials, fuel procurement, to consider the harmful impact of elements on the cost of blast furnace; sintering process to provide a stable composition for iron, hot, high strength, low ferrous oxide sinter; iron for steel-making processes to provide a stable low-silicon, high temperature molten iron; steel-making processes will have to increase the hit rate for rolling hot charge rolling create the conditions for, and in the whole process of realization of materials, thermal recycling, the whole process to achieve cost-effective to run. Every enterprise should be based on their own terms, relying on technology and management innovation, to build low-cost characteristics suited to their mode of operation.

optimize the quality of the original structure

in the high-priced fuel era, mining companies and mining companies is not compared to the cost difference of 1,000 yuan per ton of pig iron over the coastal and inland along the river, there are big companies the cost of gap, mere expansion of scale and lower cost generic products could not resist the market risk. Therefore, the need to improve product quality and grades, and optimize the quality of the structure, quality and development.

1, optimize the quality of the technology and equipment are basic conditions. Iron and steel industry from 2001-2007 total investment 1.23 trillion yuan, a large area has been restructured, technology and equipment has undergone major changes, in the past can not produce varieties of specifications, can now be produced. In the 18 major categories of steel varieties, there are 17 categories of self-sufficiency rate has exceeded 100%, and some reach 149%, indicating the output of the main species already covered and exceeded domestic demand. However, optimizing the structure of the equipment does not mean that optimize product quality. The reality is that, using the same equipment in the variety, quality varies widely, the use of the performance difference more. Such as plate, several enterprises can produce “standard” in oil and gas transmission pipeline steel X80, but different corporate control of harmful elements in the capacity of steel there is a big gap between very different deformation properties of steel, and some can be -40 ° C, permafrost and earthquake belt laying, and some can only be used at room temperature. In the long products, many enterprises can produce 82B wire, but the inherent quality of steel is different from some companies to control the steel purity and stability, you can pull into a high-level tire steel wire; some enterprises to Steel N, H , O and other elements of control affect the relaxation of steel very low, we can produce high-strength low-relaxation suspension bridge cables and high-quality piano wire; while some enterprises have a lower quality grades can only be pulled into the building or railway sleepers to the stress of using an ordinary wire.

2, optimize the quality and structure of the market environment began to take shape and expand. Iron and steel industry not only by the upstream resource and environmental constraints as well as by downstream industries, “reduction” of steel pressure on the steel quality requirements are increasing. Such as construction trades, general building and a gradual decline in the proportion of steel consumption, while high-intensity, high-performance steel steel demand, and some in short supply.

from the steel market demand, currently accounting for the equipment manufacturing industry of steel and almost half of the total steel consumption of the superior steel steel-based. Last year, the machinery industry total output value increased 31.91%, mechanical and electrical product exports 701.2 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for total exports (1.218 trillion U.S. dollars) and 57.57%, is to maintain an important component of GDP growth. Machinery products export “go,” one of the steel industry, domestic consumption accounted for 19%; home appliances export “go,” one of the steel, 29%; ship export “go,” one of the steel accounted for 70%. National restrictions on steel exports, while efforts to further increase export tax rebates to encourage exports.

vigorously rejuvenate the equipment manufacturing industry is an important national policy. In recent years, significant incremental investment in fixed assets and equipment manufacturing industry, growing quickly. Last year, fixed-asset investment in transportation equipment manufacturing industry 272.4 billion yuan, up 38.5% in the first half of this year invested 158.7 billion yuan, up 45.6%; general equipment manufacturing industry investment in 234.1 billion yuan last year, an increase of 49.4% in the first half of this year invested 132.8 billion yuan, an increase of 35.7%; special equipment for the manufacturing sector last year invested 169.6 billion yuan, an increase of 55.7%, invested 97.6 billion in the first half of this year, an increase of 54.4%; electrical machinery manufacturing sector last year invested 161 billion yuan, an increase of 44.9% this year, the semi-annual investment 97.1 billion yuan, an increase of 44.5%; chemical raw materials and products industry invested 350.7 billion yuan last year, an increase of 38.1% in the first half of this year invested 192.7 billion yuan, an increase of 34.5%; oil, coking and nuclear fuel processing industry invested 141.2 billion yuan last year, growth of 50.3%, invested 77.4 billion yuan in the first half of this year, an increase of 57.8%. Substantial increase in investment in fixed assets in these sectors, indicating the rapid expansion of production capacity, superior to steel, steel development of the market environment.

3, adjust the yield and quality. Steel production is fundamental to ensure the quality of steel links. However, there are nearly half of enterprises in pursuit of production, regardless of quality, and require converter refining cycle, the shorter the better, the utilization factor as high as possible, in order to tap the converter “potential”, the oxygen blowing time compression to 8-10 minutes, there is no converter Time to play dephosphorization, denitrification function, higher phosphorus in steel more than doubled, the user in the processing occurs when the fracture. Also, some enterprises in order to increase production to take ultra-loading blowing hot metal and high-strength, resulting in a large number of splashes, gas recovery is poor or non-recycling, energy consumption is high. This at the expense of quality, at the expense of energy, the expense of environmental protection at the expense of “high converter”, no longer meet the requirements of the times.

4 to raise the level of steel purity. Steel purity testing levels of iron and steel enterprise manufacturing and quality control of the basic signs. International advanced enterprises is to steel C, S, P, O, H, N the sum of the six elements of control 100ppm below the highest level can be controlled internally to 71ppm. Have this ability and enterprise, capable of producing world-class quality products and ability to produce a variety of user requirements according to the quality of steel. To improve quality control, technical innovation and management innovation, the comprehensive embodiment. One must have complete technical equipment, including hot metal pretreatment, a variety of refining, fine-tuning facilities, inspection and testing means. Second, we must strictly manage the primary and secondary raw materials, especially for raw materials, the harmful elements and trace elements in strictly controlled. Third, standardize operations, according to the different kinds of steel requirements, strict implementation of technical standards, technical procedures, job procedures, such as the steel refining time, continuous casting casting speed, tundish quality management and the use of frequency. Some kinds of steel but also carry out special standards, such as continuous casting furnace is allowed more than four furnaces, so as to ensure the quality and performance of steel.

Looking ahead to tomorrow: today’s economic environment is referred to as “the start of winter coming,” Tomorrow may be a “winter frost cold days.” No matter what changes of climate, companies must have ability to resist risks. Severe business environment will bring about enormous difficulties, but also can create a large number of anti-wind and snow and cold-resistant strength of enterprises and household appliances is just come over. Steel tomorrow, would certainly be better today.

节能纳入发展模式，钢铁行业减排

钢铁工业消耗了在规模和对过去的历史，大量的基本资源，扩大数量庞大，唯一的出路是落实科学发展观，加快转变发展模式：一是，加强成本控制，以促进节能减排，二是提高质量控制，以满足市场的变化编者按：在第三次党的十七充分履行指导下的科学发展观全会冶金工业协会中国工商联组在深入调查研究，当前国内钢铁行业，钢铁企业的国际地位，目前节能减排，降低成本，优化质量和结构方面的意见和建议。现在，部分刊登，以满足读者的研究。

钢铁工业进入了一个变革的历史时期，钢铁工业总量，解决矛盾，高增长，高利润的时代基本结束。许多新问题和新矛盾，促进钢铁企业落实科学发展观，加快发展的转变。

首先，太少了国际矿产资源的控制，铁矿石进口价格的上升，严重侵蚀钢铁企业的利益。几年前，因为我们对外国资源的缺乏管制的垄断性质所固有的理解国际矿业集团太小，进一步提高对外部的依赖时间（最多53％），进口铁矿石价格大幅增加近年来。去年，到岸价格的综合排雷或百分之37.57，削弱了钢铁工业，四分之一的利润，企业在今年上半年的平均购买价格平均进口货值较上年同期增长53.68百分之年，其费用生铁增长57.57％，（其中6月份上涨了70.21％），钢铁进一步侵蚀和下游钢铁行业的利益。最近，巴西淡水河谷矿业公司单方面撕毁了一项协议，规定每年的物价上涨（或约98％）和运输价格已经停止。事实再次表明，如果我们不控制的多，定向资源并没有改变被垄断地位，很难构建互利关系，钢铁企业是不能成为一个强大的企业，钢铁太大成为钢铁强国。

二是钢材大量出口不符合中国的国情，出口必须得到控制。 2007年中国的净钢材，钢坯，粗钢相当于五千四百八十八点零零零万吨超过同期82.8％的新钢产量的会计，出口，从而保持国内供需平衡和价格水平，钢铁行业，一个良好的电流好处，但长期的宏观经济和钢铁工业的发展不利，特别是进口矿石为促进价格大幅上升，影响了钢铁行业的长远利益。同时，还增加了能源消耗和环境的压力。因此，限制钢铁产品自然成为一个国家的长远政策，大量出口。在今年上半年的钢铁净出口国，粗钢相当于一千九百八十八点○万吨，下降11040000吨，下降35.7％。虽然中国出口总额上半年下降了5.7个百分点，国家采取的政策调整，如对机电产品出口，鼓励出口，但钢材出口继续采取控制政策。

第三，钢材市场价格受空间和利润水平的限制。今年上半年，城镇固定资产投资增长26.8％（去年25.8％），以促进钢铁消费量增长16.32％，钢材价格上涨30.9％，钢铁行业利润增长百分之22.71（不包括收益率的因素只增加14％）。在今后能够继续保持高投资增长，是一个很大的不确定性。今年，在北京，上海，深圳以及其他城市的成交量商业领域的销售下降的趋势下跌约30％，是一个值得注意的趋势。另一个因素是，下游钢铁行业，很难承受钢材价格上涨的压力很大。回顾今年以来，由于钢材价格上涨的第一季度，一旦汽车，家用电器和其他产品价格上升，但最终消费能力限制的趋势，价格迅速下滑。同样，家电，价格上涨后，也被迫“降价”，空调价格下降30％。一旦上游和下游企业不能承受更多的钢铁价格的压力，造成减产，停产，钢材价格很难维持，钢铁企业将陷入“高成本，低费用”的困境。今年上半年，平均每销售每吨钢铁产品收入增长了百分之31.24，而销售成本上升34.06％，物质利益吨增长15.62％，销售额8.56个百分点的利润率从去年同期下降至7.61％的资产及负债增加57.90％上升到59.06％;应付了44％，盈利能力和经济条件的显着下降增加。据对56个大中型钢铁企业分析，在上半年的材料412吨1元，平均利润/吨，但还有不足100元的10材料的企业利润吨/吨，为17.8％ 。优势资源的缺乏和低附加值产品生产企业，非常困难的局面，把一些亏损，继续扩大产能市场风险很大。

第四，钢铁行业，越来越多的严格的节能环保要求。去年，钢铁业，22600.0万吨标准煤，比增长12.84％，能源消费总量吨。在118万吨，增长了8.06％，能源消费总量上半年。最近，国家已经和当局将颁布，“节约能源法”，“循环经济法”，并制定了能源消耗，每单位产品的限制主要过程“粗钢生产”等法规，以法律手段促进节能减排。为控制过程的能源消费标准，指标，以衡量能源今年上半年的消费，有相当一些企业，如不为烧结过程的准入标准，能源消耗60公斤标准煤准入标准， /吨，在74个大中型企业没有达到26的标准，占34％，炼铁过程准入标准是少于430千克标准煤/吨，在76个大中型企业，是不是现在有43个，占56％;转炉炼钢过程中使用标准的10公斤标准煤/吨，70个大中型企业，不符合标准33个，占47％。国家还出台了相关的税收，价格系列，和金融政策和行政评估指标不符合标准，限制或消除生产线。

重要的问题是，如何认识经济环境和资源条件，面对？这是一种暂时现象还是长期趋势？是一个经济周期，或科学发展阶段的历史的简单重复？在政策上，决策者和管理人员正在等待“春天的温暖”，或准备“冬泳”？每个企业必须作出选择。从国际和国内经济发展，历史，中国的工业化进程已经表明，发达国家原本没有牺牲在同一时间的资源和环境条件的大量消耗，中国不能依靠高投资率，以维持国民经济的增长。因此，钢铁工业大量扩张规模和质量的资源消耗，过去基本的历史，唯一的出路是落实科学发展观，加快转变发展模式：第一，加强成本控制，以促进节能减排，二是提高质量控制，以适应市场的变化。钢铁生产消费是主要原料铁矿石和煤炭，增加这两个因素的价值。据钢铁成本分析，每消耗铁矿石，焦炭，煤炭（包括烧结，球团矿和焦炭用于吨），占82生铁％的成本。它的有效利用，既节能减排，并大幅度降低成本，特别是在案件高价位的原材料，燃料，节省能源的概念和发展经济学的减排成本。

钢铁企业运行从目前的情况分析，以下几个方面，无论是源节能减排，而且还注重降低成本：

-选择和原料采购：采购铁矿石最多是根据等级，以吨度的平价定价原则，往往只注意铁职等，要注意有害杂质含量，特别是SiO2的含量。在铁矿石，SiO2含量差别很大，低1.7％，高含6％，甚至更高。二氧化硅含烧结过程中的高分配矿，我们需要增加大量石灰碱度，以满足不仅入炉要求，稀释的味道，而且还增加了高炉渣量，结果是“购买高品位，入炉品位太低“，对能源消耗和成本的增加。事实上，铁矿石减少了1％的SiO2，高炉降低焦比4公斤/吨。如果矿石采购，减少了2％的SiO2，可降低焦比8公斤/吨，目前价格吨铁，可降低成本24元/吨500万吨钢铁年产量根据计算，可减少1.2亿元的成本，并减少炉渣处理量。

-烧结生产：多数企业不支付的含铁量，这是在降低能耗的一个重要因素烧结氧化注意控制。阿的8％或更低氧化亚铁含量合理的指标，但企业的10％，多数在12％以上的一些情况。实践经验，在国内和国外，烧结矿氧化亚铁减少了1％，高炉焦比下降2％，产量增加3％。如果加强管理，提高业务水平，10％氧化亚铁至8％，高炉可降低燃料（焦炭）约16 - 20公斤/吨，根据目前的价格能够降低成本48-60元/吨500万吨钢铁年产量根据计算，可以减少24000.00万元-300万的费用。

-高炉：利用低硅铁冶炼技术的控制是节能的一个重要方面。目前，大多数铁水为0.5％-0.7％的硅含量的企业。铁水硅含量每减少了0.1％，每吨铁节约焦炭4 - 6公斤/吨，降低成本12-18元/吨如果原料加强管理，提高冶炼技术，高炉铁水硅含量稳定在0.3％-0.5％，并占第8-12千克/吨，降低成本24-36元储蓄吨铁碳/吨500万吨钢铁年产量根据计算，可以减少1.2亿-1.5亿美元的成本。

-转炉炼钢：这是最节能减排较少的业务流程。首先，铁水硅含量较高，不仅要消耗在钢铁高炉焦炭的过程中增加了材料消耗和成本。铁水硅含量增加吨钢需要增加8-10公斤的石灰消耗量/吨，炉渣20千克/吨，增加铁损3 - 4公斤/吨增加额0.1％，影响成本约15元/吨第二，转炉煤气回收率低。先进企业的92％，40个贫困业务，少数公司％回收并没有回收。大约一半的排放量。国内和国际100立方米，占钢铁回收吨米/先进水平吨（含Co50％-60％），约相当于标准煤约三〇千克/吨，影响成本约80-90元/吨如把另一半这些被回收，每钢铁至少30元/吨或以上的每吨成本。第三，石灰，有效的低钙势必增加额的石灰质量差，在炼钢渣量相应增加。目前，每80公斤低渣量吨/吨，高200公斤/吨，超过一百公斤的差异/吨每100公斤15-20公斤的基础上的铁渣，对成本的影响45-60元/吨以上三个方面合计，对吨钢成本的影响约为90-105元/吨根据计算为500万吨钢铁年产量影响约4.5亿-5.2亿美元的成本。

-连轧生产：钢坯热装轧制是降低成本的重要因素。有些公司的过程顺利，生产秩序，打击的钢铁，钢坯，90％的热送率，耐热800℃左右，能源消耗和燃烧，钢材原料成本120元吨，温度显着减少交付率高/比行业平均水平的同类产品吨，水平低80元/吨，计算至500万吨，可减少4.0亿元的成本。

从以上分析的几个关键工序，每吨钢约266元/吨，305元/吨的潜在成本，相当于吨钢平均利润（即412元/吨上半年）70％左右。

低成本的运作是一项系统工程，从管理理念和机制，在为下道工序服务，环境和条件，如原材料，燃料采购，要考虑有害元素的影响，工作过程中创建对高炉成本;烧结过程中，为铁，热，强度高，稳定的组成，氧化亚铁低的烧结矿;钢炼铁过程中提供稳定的低硅，高温铁水;炼钢过程将不得不增加热装轧制轧制创造条件命中率，以及在实现材料的全过程，热回收，整个过程，实现成本效益的运行。每个企业应根据自己的条件，技术和管理创新为依托，建立低成本的适合于他们的运作模式的特点。

优化原来的结构质量
在高油价时代，矿业公司和矿业公司
并不比在沿海和内陆沿江，按每吨1000元，生铁的成本差异，有大公司的成本差距，单靠扩大规模和成本更低的非专利产品无法抵御市场风险。因此，必须提高产品质量和档次，优化结构，质量和发展质量。

1，优化的技术和设备质量的基本条件。钢铁工业从2001-2007年，总投资12300.000亿元，大面积进行了改组，技术和设备发生了重大变化，过去不能生产的品种规格，现在可以生产。在钢材品种18大类，有17类的自给率超过100％，约达149％，说明已经涉及到的主要品种产量和超过国内需求。但是，优化了设备结构并不意味着优化产品质量。现实情况是，在使用同样的设备品种，质量参差不齐，在性能差异更多地利用。由于这种板，几家企业能够生产的“标准”在石油和天然气输送管线用钢X80级，但不同的是，在钢铁企业的能力，控制有害元素之间存在着非常不同的钢材变形特性很大差距，有些可以- 40℃，多年冻土和地震带铺设，有的只能在常温下使用。在长期的产品，许多企业可以生产82B盘，但钢的内在质量是由一些公司不同的控制钢的纯净度和稳定，你可以进入一个高层次的轮胎钢丝拉，一些钢铁ñ，ħ企业，O和控制其他要素影响钢非常低松弛，我们可以生产高强度低松弛吊桥电缆和高品质的钢琴丝;而有些企业质量档次较低，只能进入建筑物或拉铁路枕木的使用普通导线的压力。

2，优化质量和市场环境的结构开始形成和扩大。铁不仅上游资源和环境的制约钢铁行业以及下游产业，“减少钢材钢材质量要求”的压力正在增加。建筑等行业，一般建筑及在钢铁消费比重逐步下降，而高强度，高性能的钢钢材的需求，有些供不应求。
从钢铁市场需求
，目前占钢的装备制造业，几乎对优质钢钢的钢铁消费量的一半为基础的。去年，机械工业总产值增长31.91％，机电产品出口七千零十二亿美元，占整体出口（一万二千一百八十〇点零零零亿美元）和57.57％，占是维持国内生产总值增长的一个重要组成部分。机械产品出口“走出去，”钢铁产业之一，国内消费占19％;家电出口“走出去”的钢铁，29％的;船舶出口“走出去”的一个钢占70％。对国家限制钢材出口，同时进一步提高出口退税鼓励出口的努力。

大力振兴装备制造业是一个重要的国家政策。近年来，重大的固定资产和设备制造行业的增量投资增长迅速。去年，固定资产，在交通运输设备制造业投资2724.00亿元，同比增长38.5％，而今年上半年投资1587.000亿元，同比增长45.6％，通用设备制造业2341.000亿元，去年工业投资，增长49.4在今年上半年％投入了制造业1328.00亿元，增长35.7％的增幅;专用设备，去年投资1696.0亿元，比增长55.7％，投资在今年上半年的976.0亿，了54.4％的增幅;电动机械制造业去年投资一千六百十点零零亿元，为44.9％，今年增加的半年度投资971.00亿元，比增长44.5％，化学原料及制品业投资3507.00亿元去年，增长38.1％，而今年上半年增加投资1927.0亿元，比增长34.5％，石油，炼焦及核燃料加工业投资1412.00亿元，去年增长了50.3％，投资774.0亿元在今年上半年，57.8％的增幅。大幅增加，固定资产投资在这些部门，表明产能的迅速扩张，优于钢，钢材的市场环境中发展。

3，调整产量和品质。钢铁生产是根本，以确保钢材链接的质量。但是，有将近一半的企业生产的追求，不论质量，并要求转换精炼周期越短越好，利用率尽可能高，以挖掘器“潜在”的吹氧时间压缩到8-10分钟，没有转换的时间发挥钢脱磷脱氮功能，高磷增加了一倍以上，在处理用户时发生断裂。另外，一些企业为了增加产量以超载入中吹铁水和高强度，在分析造成大量喷溅，煤气回收差或不回收，能源消耗高。这在牺牲质量为代价的能源费用，在“高转换费用”牺牲环保，不再符合时代的要求。

4，提高钢的纯净度水平。钢的纯净度的钢铁企业生产和质量控制的基本标志的测试水平。国际先进企业，是钢碳，硫，磷，澳，氢，氮的最高水平以下的控制100ppm的六个元素的总和是可以控制的内部71ppm。具备这种能力，企业有能力生产世界一流品质的产品和能够生产出用户的各种要求按照钢的质量。为了提高质量控制，技术创新和管理创新，综合体现。必须有一个完整的技术设备，包括铁水预处理，精炼各种微调设备，检验和测试手段。第二，我们必须严格管理，特别是对原材料的小学和中学原料，是有害元素和微量元素在严格控制的要素。第三，规范操作，根据钢要求，技术标准，技术程序，工作程序，严格执行，如钢铁冶炼时间的不同类型，连铸拉速，中间包质量管理和使用的频率。有些钢种，而且开展，如连铸炉，特殊标准允许400多炉，以确保质量和钢的性能。

展望明天：今天的经济环境被称为“冬季即将开始，”明天可能是“数九寒天。”无论气候如何变化，公司必须拥有抵御风险的能力。严重的营商环境会带来很大的困难，而且还可以创造大量的反风，雪，冷，企业和家电抵抗力只是过来。钢明天一定会更好的。08.10.29

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